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When it comes to evaluating a business, there are many ways to perform a valuation. One way to do so is to use the Q Ratio. Known as Tobin’s Q Ratio or simply the Q Ratio, this method looks at the proportion between the values of a physical asset and its replacement cost. Developed by Nobel laureate economist James Tobin, this ratio presumes a single company; for public investors, if asset values can be estimated, the company’s market value of a publicly traded company may be approximately estimated. The original formula is as follows: Q Ratio = Market Value of Assets / Replacement Cost ofRead More →

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Contribution margin after marketing (CMAM) measures how much money is generated per unit retailed after factoring in a company’s variable costs, along with marketing costs. It’s analogous with contribution margin, however, a business must factor in marketing costs the company experiences when publicizing a good to likely consumers with details on the business’ wares. This metric determines how well net sales can satisfy expense obligations and what percentage of net sales may remain to satisfy fixed expenses. Comparing Variable Versus Fixed Costs Variable costs, as the name implies, are expenses that rise and fall according to output quantities. Fixed costs, conversely, are expenses that don’tRead More →

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According to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, collection agencies saw $16.28 billion in revenue in 2019. While revenues have declined somewhat in recent years, unpaid invoices are still big business. Accounts receivable aging reports can help companies identify and mitigate unpaid invoices and potentially lower a business’ need to send unpaid invoices to collection agencies. An accounts receivable aging report analyzes how well a company manages its accounts receivables (AR) and identifies the level of any abnormalities. It looks at receivables based on their age; specifically, the time the invoice has been unpaid and outstanding. Then, once receivables have been analyzed for non-paymentRead More →

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When it comes to businesses and asset depreciation, there are many types available, such as straight-line, units of production, double declining balance, and sum of years digits. While these aren’t the only ones, they are available via the IRS code and help businesses reduce their taxable income. However, under certain circumstances, businesses have to be mindful when selling assets for a gain that could cause a tax liability through depreciation recapture. Understanding Depreciation Depreciation is defined as the reduction in the value of an asset through wear and tear. It can be a rental property or production equipment. Investors can use depreciation to lower theirRead More →

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Liquidity looks at how well a company can handle paying wages, inventory, and lending repayments via measuring its cash or quasi-cash levels. Put another way, it looks at the health of a company’s cash flow to satisfy short-term financial obligations. It’s important to be mindful of different sectors and what’s normal or healthy based on the time of year. For example, retail and manufacturing feature functionally focused companies, which means seasonality impacts their dynamic working capital requirements. 1. Current Ratio The current ratio looks at the ratio of current assets divided by current liabilities. It measures how well a company is projected to pay itsRead More →

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The goodwill to assets ratio measures how much of a company’s total assets come from goodwill – an intangible asset like brand value or customer loyalty – and it plays a role in assessing the company’s overall value. It provides a ratio or percentage of the amount of intangible versus tangible assets. Understanding what the ratio represents, how it is calculated, and how to interpret it is essential for effectively applying it to business operations and investment decisions. Goodwill Defined Goodwill can be defined as an intangible asset that comes about when the acquiring firm obtains such assets from the acquired firm at a higherRead More →

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When it comes to the risk of default, Moody’s found that during COVID-19, American businesses had a 7.8 percent chance of defaulting. This is compared to a low of 4 percent in 2021, but lower than the current 9.2 percent risk of default, according to a March 2025 report by the rating agency. Also known as cash flow available for debt service, CFADS determines how much cash is available to service debt obligations. It looks at different cash inflows/outflows to show both internal (owners and managers) and external audiences (investors) how efficient (or not) a business is in its ability to produce cash flows andRead More →

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When it comes to analyzing a company’s financials, there are many avenues we can take. One way is through multiples; calculating the EV/2P multiple is the focus of this analysis. This ratio looks at a business’ enterprise value against its proven and probable 2P reserves. While ratios or multiples are used in valuing companies, this metric is used chiefly to value gas and oil companies for energy sector analysts. Analysts use this calculation to determine the likelihood that a company’s reserve resources can underpin its functioning and expansion efforts. Along with the ratio, analysts use micro and macro factors to determine a company’s financial health,Read More →

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The subscription economy, according to Forbes, is expected to reach $1.5 trillion in revenue for businesses. With the potential likely realized this year, it’s vital to understand how it is tracked – and more importantly, how it’s able to be tracked on a separate basis. Also known as net dollar retention (NDR), this metric calculates the proportion of recurring revenue kept from present clients, including upsells and churn, during a defined time frame. Net revenue retention (NRR) evaluates a business’s potential to keep and increase sales from their present clients. It looks at how well a company leverages existing customer relationships to increase sales throughRead More →

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Return on Ad Spend (ROAS) is one way to help advertising and marketing professionals and investors analyze how well promotions do (or don’t) produce sales. It helps advertisers develop data based on their campaigns’ revenue production (or lack thereof). Understanding how this metric is calculated and how to analyze ROAS is essential for businesses to monitor and increase their advertising performance. Known as a Key Performance Indicator (KPI), ROAS determines how much sales are generated per dollar invested on advertising outlays. It separates advertising costs from the company’s costs, and it focuses on: 1. The differences between advertising income and advertisement expenses 2. Assisting companiesRead More →